Recycling and the paper industry

Recycling certainly is not a new practice in the pulp and paper industry, driven by the recent need to be more sustainable. It has been going on for hundreds of years, and is generally practiced today in certain grade areas because it is economically feasible and attractive to do so, though some limited recycling is driven (or mandated) by environmental legislation in
various states and countries.
Today, very high percentages of waste paper streams are being recycled, especially in the Western world. In 2007, a record 56% of paper consumed in the U.S. was recovered for recycling, compared with 33.5% in 1990, according to the American Forest and Paper Association Paper recovery now averages approximately 360 pounds per person in the U.S.,
where the goal is 60% recovery by 2012.
In 2007, recovered fiber accounted for about 37% of the raw product used in U.S. paper mills, and 140 mills used recovered fiber exclusively, according to AF&PA figures. The environmental impact is evident in the fact that every ton of paper that is recovered saves 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space. Paper recycling activities in European countries are similar to those in the U.S., with some percentages being even higher. Although recycling has obvious environmental advantages, there are some drawbacks or developing problems that have to be considered. In regard to sustainability, for example, there is some irony in the fact that as higher percentages of waste papers and board are recovered, the more difficult and costly it becomes to establish and maintain operations based on these streams, and certain environmental tradeoffs also arise.
There also have been energy concerns in regard to some deinking/recycling processes versus corresponding virgin pulping processes. But these issues have not been resolved, and it is still unclear whether certain recycling operations might be less or more energy efficient than their virgin counterparts, and have a bigger or smaller carbon footprint.